2481 lines
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2481 lines
58 KiB
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School Of SRE
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Security
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Level 101
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Level 101
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Fundamentals Series
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Fundamentals Series
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Linux Basics
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Linux Basics
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Introduction
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Command Line Basics
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Server Administration
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Conclusion
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Git
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<a href="../../../level101/git/git-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
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Git Basics
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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Working With Branches
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/git/github-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
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Github and Hooks
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/git/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</ul>
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</nav>
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Linux Networking
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Linux Networking
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<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/dns/" class="md-nav__link">
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DNS
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/udp/" class="md-nav__link">
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UDP
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/http/" class="md-nav__link">
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HTTP
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
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TCP
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
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Routing
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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Python and Web
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Python and Web
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Introduction
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
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Some Python Concepts
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
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Python, Web and Flask
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
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The URL Shortening App
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</ul>
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Data
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
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Key Concepts
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
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MySQL
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
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InnoDB
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/replication/" class="md-nav__link">
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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Select Query
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
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Query Performance
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/lab/" class="md-nav__link">
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Lab
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</a>
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</a>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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NoSQL
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NoSQL
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
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Key Concepts
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</ul>
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Big Data
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Big Data
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<a href="../../../level101/big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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<a href="../../../level101/big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
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Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
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</a>
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<a href="../../../level101/big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</ul>
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Systems Design
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Systems Design" data-md-level="2">
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Systems Design
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<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
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Scalability
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</a>
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<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
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Availability
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</a>
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<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
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Fault Tolerance
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</a>
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<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</ul>
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</nav>
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Introduction
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Command-line Tools
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
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Third-party Monitoring
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
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Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
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Best Practices for Monitoring
|
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/observability/" class="md-nav__link">
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Observability
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</ul>
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</nav>
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Security
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Security
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Introduction
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Fundamentals of Security
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<a href="../../../level101/security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
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Network Security
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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Threat, Attacks & Defences
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../../level101/security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
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Writing Secure code
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Conclusion
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</ul>
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Level 102
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Level 102
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Linux Intermediate
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Linux Intermediate
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Introduction
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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Package Management
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_intermediate/storage_media/" class="md-nav__link">
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Storage Media
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_intermediate/archiving_backup/" class="md-nav__link">
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Archiving and Backup
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_intermediate/introvim/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction to Vim
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_intermediate/bashscripting/" class="md-nav__link">
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Bash Scripting
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_intermediate/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</a>
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</nav>
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<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction To Containers
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<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/containerization_with_docker/" class="md-nav__link">
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Containerization With Docker
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Orchestration With Kubernetes
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Introduction
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<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/signals/" class="md-nav__link">
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Signals
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<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/" class="md-nav__link">
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System Calls
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<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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Networking
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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Security
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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Security
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Table of contents
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#security-threat" class="md-nav__link">
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Security Threat
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|
</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#securing-the-infrastructure" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Securing the infrastructure
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Securing the infrastructure">
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<a href="#perimeter-security" class="md-nav__link">
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Perimeter security
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#ddos-mitigation" class="md-nav__link">
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DDoS mitigation
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</a>
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#network-demarcation" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Network Demarcation
|
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</a>
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#node-protection" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Node protection
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#operational-practices" class="md-nav__link">
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Operational practices
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operational practices">
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#standard-operating-procedures-sop" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#periodic-review" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Periodic review
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</a>
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</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../scale/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Scale
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../rtt/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
RTT
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../infrastructure-features/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Infrastructure Services
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</a>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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System Design
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System Design
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<a href="../../system_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Introduction
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../system_design/large-system-design/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Large System Design
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|
</a>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../system_design/scaling/" class="md-nav__link">
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Scaling
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../system_design/scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Scaling Beyond the Data Center
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../system_design/resiliency/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Resiliency
|
|
</a>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../system_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Conclusion
|
|
</a>
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|
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
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System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Introduction
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Troubleshooting
|
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</a>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/important-tools/" class="md-nav__link">
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Important Tools
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/" class="md-nav__link">
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Performance Improvements
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting-example/" class="md-nav__link">
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Troubleshooting Example
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
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Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
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<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction_to_cicd/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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What is CI/CD?
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/cicd_brief_history/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Brief History
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/continuous_integration_build_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
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Continuous Integration
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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Code of Conduct
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#security-threat" class="md-nav__link">
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Security Threat
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#securing-the-infrastructure" class="md-nav__link">
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Securing the infrastructure
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</a>
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Perimeter security
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<a href="#ddos-mitigation" class="md-nav__link">
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DDoS mitigation
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Network Demarcation
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<a href="#node-protection" class="md-nav__link">
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Node protection
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Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#periodic-review" class="md-nav__link">
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Periodic review
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<div class="md-content">
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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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<h1>Security</h1>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p><em>This section will cover threat vectors faced by services facing
|
|
external/internal clients. Potential mitigation options to consider
|
|
while deploying them. This will touch upon perimeter security, DDoS
|
|
protection, Network demarcation and operational practices.</em></p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<h3 id="security-threat">Security Threat</h3>
|
|
<p>Security is one of the major considerations in any infrastructure. There
|
|
are various security threats, which could amount to data theft, loss of
|
|
service, fraudulent activity, etc. An attacker can use techniques like
|
|
phishing, spamming, malware, Dos/DDoS, exploiting vulnerabilities,
|
|
man-in-the-middle attack, and many more. In this section, we will cover
|
|
some of these threats and possible mitigation. As there are numerous
|
|
means to attack and secure the infrastructure, we will only focus on
|
|
some of the most common ones.</p>
|
|
<p><strong>Phishing</strong> is mostly done via email (and other mass communication
|
|
methods), where an attacker provides links to fake websites/URLs. Upon
|
|
accessing that, victim's sensitive information like login
|
|
credentials or personal data is collected and can be misused.</p>
|
|
<p><strong>Spamming</strong> is also similar to phishing, but the attacker doesn't collect
|
|
data from users but tries to spam a particular website and probably
|
|
overwhelm them (to cause slowness) and well use that opportunity to,
|
|
compromise the security of the attacked website.</p>
|
|
<p><strong>Malware</strong> is like a trojan horse, where an attacker manages to install a
|
|
piece of code on the secured systems in the infrastructure. Using this,
|
|
the hacker can collect sensitive data and as well infect the critical
|
|
services of the target company.</p>
|
|
<p><strong>Exploiting vulnerabilities</strong> is another method an attacker can gain access
|
|
to the systems. These could be bugs or misconfiguration in web servers,
|
|
internet-facing routers/switches/firewalls, etc.</p>
|
|
<p><strong>DoS/DDoS</strong> is one of the common attacks seen on internet-based
|
|
services/solutions, especially those businesses based on eyeball
|
|
traffic. Here the attacker tries to overwhelm the resources of the
|
|
victim by generating spurious traffic to the external-facing services.
|
|
By this, primarily the services turn slow or non-responsive, during this
|
|
time, the attacker could try to hack into the network, if some of the
|
|
security mechanism fails to filter through the attack traffic due to
|
|
overload.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="securing-the-infrastructure">Securing the infrastructure</h3>
|
|
<p>The first and foremost aspect for any infrastructure administration is
|
|
to identify the various security threats that could affect the business
|
|
running over this infrastructure. Once different threats are known, the
|
|
security defence mechanism has to be designed and implemented. Some of
|
|
the common means to securing the infrastructure are</p>
|
|
<h4 id="perimeter-security">Perimeter security</h4>
|
|
<p>This is the first line of defence in any infrastructure, where
|
|
unwanted/unexpected traffic flows into the infrastructure are
|
|
filtered/blocked. These could be filters in the edge routers, that allow
|
|
expected services (like port 443 traffic for web service running on
|
|
HTTPS), or this filter can be set up to block unwanted traffic, like
|
|
blocking UDP ports, if the services are not dependent on UDP.</p>
|
|
<p>Similar to the application traffic entering the network, there could be
|
|
other traffic like BGP messages for Internet peers, VPN tunnels traffic,
|
|
as well other services like email/DNS, etc. There are means to protect
|
|
every one of these, like using authentication mechanisms (password or
|
|
key-based) for peers of BGP, VPN, and whitelisting these specific peers
|
|
to make inbound connections (in perimeter filters). Along with these,
|
|
the amount of messages/traffic can be rate-limited to known scale or
|
|
expected load, so the resources are not overwhelmed.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="ddos-mitigation">DDoS mitigation</h4>
|
|
<p>Protecting against a DDoS attack is another important aspect. The attack
|
|
traffic will look similar to the genuine users/client request, but with
|
|
the intention to flood the externally exposed app, which could be a web
|
|
server, DNS, etc. Therefore it is essential to differentiate between the
|
|
attack traffic and genuine traffic, for this, there are different
|
|
methods to do at the application level, one such example using Captcha
|
|
on a web service, to catch traffic originating from bots.</p>
|
|
<p>For these methods to be useful, the nodes should be capable of handling
|
|
both the attack traffic and genuine traffic. It may be possible in
|
|
cloud-based infrastructure to dynamically add more virtual
|
|
machines/resources, to handle the sudden spike in volume of traffic, but
|
|
on-prem, the option to add additional resources might be challenging.</p>
|
|
<p>To handle a large volume of attack traffic, there are solutions
|
|
available, which can inspect the packets/traffic flows and identify
|
|
anomalies (i.e.) traffic patterns that don't resemble a genuine
|
|
connection, like client initiating TCP connection, but fail to complete
|
|
the handshake, or set of sources, which have abnormally huge traffic
|
|
flow. Once this unwanted traffic is identified, these are dropped at the
|
|
edge of the network itself, thereby protecting the resources of app
|
|
nodes. This topic alone can be discussed more in detail, but that will
|
|
be beyond the scope of this section.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="network-demarcation">Network Demarcation</h4>
|
|
<p>Network demarcation is another common strategy deployed in different
|
|
networks when applications are grouped based on their security needs and
|
|
vulnerability to an attack. Some common demarcations are, the
|
|
external/internet facing nodes are grouped into a separate zone, whereas
|
|
those nodes having sensitive data are segregated into a separate zone.
|
|
And any communication between these zones is restricted with the help of
|
|
security tools to limit exposure to unwanted hosts/ports. These
|
|
inter-zone communication filters are sometimes called ring-fencing. The
|
|
number of zones to be created, varies for different deployments, for
|
|
example, there could be a host which should be able to communicate to
|
|
the external world as well as internal servers, like proxy, email, in
|
|
this case, these can be grouped under one zone, say De-Militarized Zones
|
|
(DMZ). The main advantage of creating zones is that, even if there is a
|
|
compromised host, that doesn't act as a back door entry for the rest of
|
|
the infrastructure.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="node-protection">Node protection</h4>
|
|
<p>Be it server, router, switches, load balancers, firewall, etc, each of
|
|
these devices come with certain capabilities to secure themselves, like
|
|
support for filters (e.g. Access-list, Iptables) to control what traffic
|
|
to process and what to drop, anti-virus software can be used in servers
|
|
to check on the software installed in them.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="operational-practices">Operational practices</h4>
|
|
<p>There are numerous security threats for infrastructure, and there are
|
|
different solutions to defend them. The key part to the defence, is not
|
|
only identifying the right solution and the tools for it but also making
|
|
sure there are robust operational procedures in place, to respond
|
|
promptly, decisively and with clarity, for any security incident.</p>
|
|
<h5 id="standard-operating-procedures-sop">Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)</h5>
|
|
<p>SOP need to be well defined and act as a reference for on-call to follow
|
|
during a security incident. This SoP should cover things like,</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>When a security incident happens, how it will be alerted, to whom it
|
|
will be alerted.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Identify the scale and severity of the security incident.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Who are the points of escalation and the threshold/time to intimate
|
|
them, there could be other concerned teams or to the management or
|
|
even to the security operations in-charge.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Which solutions to use (and the procedure to follow in them) to
|
|
mitigate the security incident.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Also the data about the security incident has to be collated for
|
|
further analysis.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Many organisations have a dedicated team focused on security, and they
|
|
drive most of the activities, during an attack and even before, to come
|
|
up with best practices, guidelines and compliance audits. It is the
|
|
responsibility of respective technical teams, to ensure the
|
|
infrastructure meets these recommendations and gaps are fixed.</p>
|
|
<h5 id="periodic-review">Periodic review</h5>
|
|
<p>Along with defining SoP's, the entire security of the infrastructure has
|
|
to be reviewed periodically. This review should include,</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Identifying any new/improved security threat that could potentially
|
|
target the infrastructure.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The SoP's have to be reviewed periodically, depending upon new
|
|
security threats or changes in the procedure (to implement the
|
|
solutions)</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Ensuring software upgrades/patches are done in a timely manner.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Audit the infrastructure for any non-compliance of the security
|
|
standards.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Review of recent security incidents and find means to improvise the
|
|
defence mechanisms.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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worker: "../../../assets/javascripts/worker/search.9c0e82ba.min.js"
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}, typeof search !== "undefined" && search)
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})
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</script>
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|
|
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</body>
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</html> |